A Strategy for Exploring k=2, r=2 Cellular Automata

The lower left-hand side of the graphic above has eight columns—one column for each bit of the elementary cellular automata (ECA) rule. Below each bit of the ECA rule are the four neighborhoods of the larger rule space that have the same bit pattern for their middle three bits. If all four of these neighborhoods are assigned the same bit as the original bit of the ECA rule, the ECA is recreated in the rule space. This strategy essentially eliminates the influence of the outside bits on the unfolding pattern. In other words, the new rule's behavior is completely determined by the center bit and its two immediate neighbors, just like the rule.

The "number of flips" slider is initialized to zero to show you the rule that exactly mimics the chosen ECA rule. Moving this slider will introduce bit flips, taking you to other rules that may or may not be similar in appearance. The flipped bits are highlighted in brown.

You can also click the 32 neighborhoods of the rule to flip the corresponding rule bit. These choices are highlighted in pink. In fact these mouse-chosen flips are not affected by the slider's choices, so the two strategies can be combined.

When the "number of flips" slider is set to "1", the "random seed" slider will sequentially step through all possible 32 bit flips. If you choose to flip two bits, there are 495 possible new combinations, and the random seed slider, again, will step through all the possibilities. For more than two bit flips the number of possibilities grows out of control, so the random seed slider will randomly select among the possible 32 bits. For example, there are 4960 ways to choose three bits from the 32 bits. The Mathematica command Binomial[32, ] will tell you how many different ways there are to choose objects from a set of 32 objects where order does not matter.

It is helpful to hold the Option or Alt key while moving the "random seed" slider to allow it to change value more gradually.

Snapshot 1: With only three bit flips this class 1 rule becomes class 4.

Snapshot 2: With three bit flips this class 4 rule becomes class 1.

Snapshot 3: These three bit flips retain the class 4 behavior of ECA rule 110.

Snapshot 4: Here the bits are flipped by choosing specific neighborhoods with the mouse. These neighborhoods are highlighted in pink. Also, with "sharper image" unchecked you can zoom in or out using the "steps" slider.

Snapshot 5: You can add color to the rule, which emphasizes local structures. See the Colorization of Cellular Automata Demonstration for other colorization strategies.

Snapshot 6: The five-bit neighborhoods are arranged in four rows of eight neighborhoods. In each row the two outermost bits are the same. For example, in the first row the two outside bits are both black. Conceptually then you can think of each row as an eight-bit ECA rule embedded inside a particular bit pattern wrapper. The implied ECA rule is identified in the ninth column with its plot available as a tooltip.

Snapshots 7-9: Effective use of color.