1. In the absence of hawks, the foxes would grow logistically; thus when , where is the growth rate and is the carrying capacity for the fox population.

2. In the absence of foxes, the hawks would grow logistically; thus when , where is the growth rate and is the carrying capacity for the hawk population.

3. When both foxes and hawks are present, a sufficiently large number in either population will cause a decrease in the growth of both populations. Thus the model for competing species requires additional parameters and that determine the effect of large populations:

,

.