Details

Snapshot 1: the car (shown as a sphere), of mass 0.105 kg, and traveling a loop of radius 9 m, is near 3/4 of the way along its path; since it is almost at the side of the loop, the magnitudes of the centripetal and normal forces are nearly equal

Snapshot 2: the ball, of mass 0.0724 kg, and traveling a loop of radius 9.856 m, is at the top of the loop; there its apparent weight is close to 0; as a result, the ball feels just the centripetal force and almost no normal force

Snapshot 3: the ball, of mass 0.0946 kg, and traveling a loop of radius 10.03 m, is at the bottom of the loop where it feels the greatest normal force

The centripetal force is given by , where is the mass of the object, is the velocity, and is the radius of the circular path. The centripetal force is the same at all points on the circle traveling at a constant speed, and is always directed toward the center of the circle. The force of gravity on the object is given by , where is the mass and is the acceleration due to gravity. The magnitude of this force on the object is also the same at all points on the circle, directed straight down at all points. The normal force is given by , directed toward the center of the loop.

You can vary the angle at which the mass is located, the mass of the car, and the radius of the loop to see the resulting magnitude of the normal force and how it compares to the constant magnitude of the centripetal force. You can also select the option to show the centripetal force and normal force vectors to see how they change, particularly in relation to one another.

References

[1] Online Physics Lab. "Vertical Circles and Non-Uniform Circular Motion." (Jun 13, 2016) dev.physicslab.org/document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=oscillatorymotion_verticalcircles.xml.

[2] Regents Prep. "Centripetal Force - The Real Force." (Jun 13, 2016) www.regentsprep.org/regents/physics/phys06/bcentrif/default.htm.