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Orthogonality of Sines and Cosines

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This example comes from [1], Section 9.2, Modeling with First Order Equations.

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This Demonstration shows the orthogonality of sines and cosines.

For any and ,

.

For ,

,

.

For ,

,

.

As you change and , you can see graphically that the areas above and below the axis cancel out in the first three cases. The orthogonal properties of sine and cosine are used in the solution of some classes of partial differential equations in terms of Fourier series.

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Contributed by: Stephen Wilkerson (March 2011)
(United States Military Academy West Point, Department of Mathematics)
Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

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Reference

[1] J. R. Brannan and W. E. Boyce, Differential Equations with Boundary Value Problems: An Introduction to Modern Methods and Applications, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2010.

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